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It seems that everyone is buying a new HDTV set this year. Conversation around the water cooler is full of techy buzzwords. When the HDTV standard in the U.S. was originated by the ATSC (Advanced Television Systems Committee), they defined eighteen different standards, but not all of the standards are in common use.
The standards that you should be familiar with for HDTV (High Definition TV) are 720p, 1080i, and more recently 1080p. The number in the format (for example "720") is the vertical lines of display resolution and the letter in the format (for example "p") stands for the display technique. The letter "p" means "progressive" scan, and the letter "i" means "interlaced".
HDTV (both 720p, 1080i, and 1080p) has a wide screen aspect ratio of 16:9 (width: height). EDTV (enhanced definition) is a standard definition TV (SDTV the format before HDTV), but with some software "interpolation". EDTV delivers a picture that is superior to that of SDTV, but not as sharp as HDTV. EDTV uses progressive scanning. EDTV sometimes has an aspect ratio of 16:9 (wide screen).
For reference, standard definition TV (SDTV, the format before HDTV) has 480 lines of vertical resolution and has an aspect ratio of 4:3. The SDTV signal is the U.S. has historically been an interlaced signal. This means that your TV set draws each frame in two passes: once for the even horizontal lines and a second pass for the odd lines. The specification is a maximum resolution for the technology, but often, the signal sources are less than the maximum. For example, VHS tape has approximately 240 lines of vertical resolution, over the air broadcast SDTV has approximately 330 lines of vertical resolution, and a SDTV DVD has approximately 480 lines of vertical resolution.
The televisions in Europe and Japan have been (and are) progressive format. A progressive format makes a single pass for all of the lines. Progressive pictures look a bit smoother than an interlaced image, especially when there's a lot of movement on the screen, like sports.
To add to the confusion, BluRay DVDs do, and later this year, the satellite TV companies will, broadcast in 1080p. This standard has both the higher number of lines of vertical resolution, and the preferred progressive format. The Dish Network will begin satellite broadcast in 1080p in August 2008 with 150 HDTV channels, and DirecTV will begin both satellite and Internet broadcast by the end of 2008, with about 130 channels of HDTV programming. The satellite companies compress their signal with MPEG-4 techniques, which reduces the bandwidth needed for broadcast. Currently, the only source material for 1080p is movies, especially movies originally made for IMAX. None of the major networks (ABC, ESPN, etc.) has yet announced support for 1080p. In addition, Sony Playstation 3 and Xbox 360 have 1080p games.
HDTV Video Format: 720p, 1080i, and 1080p, the higher number is better, right? Even though 1080i technically has a higher resolution, it is not the obvious choice. 1080i has 1080 vertical lines of resolution and 1920 horizontal lines of resolution. 720p has 720 lines of vertical resolution and has 1280 lines of horizontal resolution. But the 720p system is progressively scanned. This compensates for the lower level of resolution. The 1080p signal is the best of both worlds, more picture information with a progressive format.
If your signal received, for example for a satellite receiver, is primarily standard definition, a 1080p TV will not significantly improve your picture when compared to a 720p TV. The picture quality is fundamentally limited by the source signal (480 lines of vertical resolution). Similarly, if your signal has a 720 source, then the 1080 TV will not improve your picture. All High Def sports broadcasts from Fox, ESPN, and ABC are broadcast in 720p.
Some networks have opted for the 1080i format because it provides the more picture information, while ABC, Fox, ESPN, and the National Geographic Channel have chosen the smoother pictures of 720p. HDTV programming on CBS, NBC, and other networks is broadcast in 1080i. The new 1080i or 1080p HDTVs will probably make this type of programming somewhat sharper than it would appear on a 720p TV. This becomes more important because as the TV screen gets larger, the visible difference in detail between 720p and 1080i and 1080p displays becomes more apparent. Because of this, most HDTV sets larger than 50 inches are 1080p or 1080i.
1080p HDTV System Capabilities:
A 1080p HDTV displays all inputs signals at 1080p, because this is the normal resolution of the unit. If the system is less than 1080i or 1080p, then a special purpose chip in your HDTV scales the signal. It will interpolate, like the EDTV does with a SDTV signal. If the signal is 1080i, the system will combine the odd and even interlaced frames and display the full signal as 1080p. The resulting performance should be similar to a true 1080p video source.
Cable HDTV:
More than 100 million U.S. homes can receive HDTV from their cable system, and all of the top 100 cable markets in the country have available HDTV programming. Unfortunately, most cable providers carry only a few of the 50+ available HDTV networks.
Satellite HDTV:
While HDTV local channel selection is generally better on cable than satellite, the major satellite companies offer more national HDTV channels than almost every cable provider. Both DirecTV and the Dish Network have promised to offer more than 130 HDTV channels by the end of the year. "Satellite's going to be constrained not so much by how many channels they can carry than by how many they can get," Bob Scherman, Satellite Business News.
Summary:
Screen resolution for HDTV has become comparable to microprocessor clock speed for personal computers. Even though clock speed is not necessarily a perfect indication of overall system performance, often the consumer thinks of it that way.
Interestingly, when an expert group, the SMPTE (Society of Motion Pictures and Television Engineers), recently ranked the importance of resolution, it came in fourth. The SMPTE ranked contrast ratio, color saturation, color temperature and grayscale ahead of resolution in importance. The Imaging Science Foundation reached a similar conclusion. However, most HDTV manufacturers bundle quality traits such as improved contrast ratio with higher screen resolutions into their top of the line HDTVs. So if you purchase a set with top of the line screen resolution, you more than likely will receive the top of the manufacturer's product line for other important screen criteria.
Prices have dropped significantly the last two years, but it appears that the rate of price reduction has been slowing significantly recently. "Television shoppers who visit mass merchants may be more concerned with obtaining a low price and may not be seeking expert advice. However, television shoppers should be aware that the lower prices they find at mass merchants are primarily due to the fact that these stores tend to carry second tier brand TVs, rather than major brands such as Sony or Panasonic. When pricing for a specific television model is compared at each type of retailer, the prices are surprisingly similar," J.D. Power's Larry Wu.
And on a final note, be sure to account for the Audio side of your system. George Lucas (Star Wars) once said audio is half the movie viewing experience. It's also true for a good football or basketball game.
About the Author: Brian Bradshaw is a Certified Technical Specialist (InfoComm CTS). Areas of expertise include Video, Audio, Computation, HDTV, Satellite Systems, and Communications. He has a communications technology business in Plano, Texas (Dallas). More information can be found at his Website: http://bradshaw-vacuum-technology.com
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When you go out to shop for your first high-def TV, you may be confused by the many, many different specifications you'll find on each. While a complete description of the different specs would take a book, you can learn more than just the difference between plasma and LCD in just the next couple of minutes.
Start with that difference. The three basic types of high-def TVs available today are the LCD TV, the plasma TV, and the DLP TV, a modern version of the old projection television. LCDs and DLPs are back-lit, making it harder to display clear black colors; plasma TVs are lit in a somewhat different manner, so they have very realistic blacks, but they tend to be a little more expensive and a lot more delicate. A DLP TV usually looks good, and the back lighting is simple to switch out for anyone, giving it perhaps the longest lifespan of any other high-def TV out there, and if you have a projector rather than an enclosed system, you can scale the picture to fit your space - a nice advantage. But DLP TVs are also likely to have the worst picture of the three.
Next, size. All high def TVs have a wide aspect ratio, so instead of the nearly-square traditional television screen shape, they have a movie-theatre shaped screen, often called 16:9 aspect ratio. This doesn't vary, so don't worry about that. (Regular TVs, for comparison, have a 4:3 aspect ratio, though this is hardly ever cited.) Screens are measured on the diagonal, so a high def TV may seem smaller than a traditional TV with the same listed screen size - and it is unlikely to fit smoothly into the same space. Keep this in mind.
Resolution is more complicated. Traditional TV has 480i resolution. This means that the picture on the screen is shown in 480 lines; the "i" stands for "interlaced", meaning that odd lines are shown first, then even lines, with about a sixtieth of a second of display before switching. Our vision tricks us into thinking this is a smooth screen. Rarer 480p TVs have all the lines shown at once, and you'll notice a distinctly better picture.
On high-def televisions, on the other hand, sets start at 720p; most are right around 1080p. Watch this; you want to make sure every video peripheral, like blu-ray readers and cable boxes, are compatible with this resolution. A mismatch here is the number-one reason your high-def TV may not look as good as it should. Also, more is not better; while you can get better than 1080p, if your peripherals don't match (and most won't), you won't get a good picture.
All standard high-def TVs will have specs falling in the following ranges. Try to keep your TV and your peripherals matched as closely as possible, and you'll have the best viewing experience.
* 1080 lines with 1920 vertical pixels; 16:9 aspect ratio; and either 60i, 30p, or 24p display (referencing time between refreshes)
* 720 lines with 1280 vertical pixels; 16:9 aspect ratio; and either 60i, 30p, or 24p display
* 480 lines with 704 vertical pixels; 16:9 or 4:3 aspect ratio; and either 60p, 60i, 30p, or 24p display
When choosing a high-def TV, more lines is generally better, 16:9 is better, and a high number plus p makes for the best display. And while HDTV is backward compatible with traditional broadcast, it's smart to invest in HD channels; the picture is much, much better with a high-def TV.
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Is 720p vs 1080i worth being concerned about? Yes and no. If you're a consumer looking for a new TV, you can happily ignore the 720p vs 1080i debate because every TV which is described as HDTV or HDTV Ready is required to support both formats.
NOTE: You should be aware though that lots of TVs which support 1080i have fewer than 1080 lines and so scale the 1080 signal down. That's not a huge issue as even scaled down 1080i is far ahead of a regular NTSC signal. It is worth bearing in mind that more expensive HDTVs tend to have better scalers than cheaper ones, and this may be an issue.
However, for broadcasters it's a live issue. Should they broadcast 1080 lines of interlaced video or 720 lines of progressive scan? They could just broadcast two signals, one in each format, but that would use up a huge chunk of bandwidth and be hugely expensive for very little gain.
To answer the question, it's important to understand the difference between 720p vs 1080i. A 720p signal is made up of 720 horizontal lines. Each frame is displayed in its entirety on-screen for 1/30th of a second. This is know as progressive scan (hence the 'p')The quality is like watching 30 photographic images a second on TV. A 1080i signal comprises 1080 horizontal lines but all the lines are not displayed on-screen simultaneously. Instead, they are interlaced (hence the 'i'), ie every other lines is displayed for 1/60th of a second and then the alternate lines are displayed for 1/60th of a second. So, the frame rate is still 30 frames per second, but each frame is split into two fields, which your brain then puts together subconsciously.
Most of the time interlacing works fine, but for fast moving images, such as sports like baseball and hockey it can cause problems which manifest themselves as a 'stepping' effect on-screen. Progressive scan signals don't have this problem and so are better suited to sports.
ESPN puts it like this: 'Progressive scan technology produces better images for the fast moving orientation of sports television. Simply put, with 104 mph fastballs in baseball and 120 mph shots on goal in hockey, the line-by-line basis of progressive scan technology better captures the inherent fast action of sports. For ESPN, progressive scan technology makes perfect sense.'
Bottom line? For us, as consumers 720p vs 1080i is not a debate worth worrying about, so you can relax and focus on all the other criteria on your list when you buy your next HDTV.
Kenny Hemphill runs Discounted Web Hosting and is the editor and publisher of The HDTV Tuner - a guide to the kit, the technology and the programming on HDTV.
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